Figure 14

Scheme of the regulation of energy metabolism in hypoxia. Red asterisks appear to be putative sites of control, by HIF-1α, of membrane transport of glucose and/or lactic acid, enzymatic reactions along the glycolytic chain, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the oxidative phosphorylation sequence, and mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. Beclin 1 is an essential autophagy protein; BNIP 3, a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial protein; c-Myc, target genes involved in cell growth apoptosis, etc.; COX, complex IV subunits 1, 2; PDK-1, PDH kinase; ETC, electron transport chain; Glut 1, glucose transporter 1; MCT4, plasma membrane lactate transporter 4; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; PGC-1α/1β, key regulators of energy metabolism; ROS, reactive oxygen species; and TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle.