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Figure 1 | Extreme Physiology & Medicine

Figure 1

From: Are we being drowned in hydration advice? Thirsty for more?

Figure 1

Personal and societal effects of acute/chronic consumption of water above/below that required for fluid homeostasis . The three incrementing font sizes denote outcomes causing a nuisance, morbidity and potential mortality. Outcomes with question marks are those for which we are not aware of any direct supporting evidence for humans behaving autonomously. Asterisk denotes that hyponatraemia can occur without hyperhydration per se, due to excess water relative to sodium content. The longer lists for hypohydration are not intended to convey higher relative importance. For example, hyponatraemia may be implicated in multiple adverse outcomes chronically (see [24–26]).

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