From: Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in environmental hypoxia: climbing towards consensus
Aspect of metabolism | Biomarkers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Expression, levels or activity of enzymes/transporters | Expression, levels or activity of regulators | Rate measurements | Other validated markers [ [13]] | |
Glycolysis | ||||
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) | ||||
Hexokinase (HK) | ||||
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) | ||||
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) | ||||
Aldolase (ALD) | ||||
Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) | ||||
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) | ||||
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) | ||||
Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) | ||||
Enolase (ENO) | ||||
Pyruvate kinase (PyK) | ||||
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | ||||
Glucose oxidation | ||||
β-oxidation | ||||
Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) | ||||
Carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT) | ||||
Acyl CoA dehydrogenases | ||||
Enoyl CoA hydratase (ECAH) | ||||
Enoyl CoA isomerase (ECAI) | ||||
L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) | ||||
Thiolase (THI) | ||||
PPARα | ||||
Uptake/utilisation of fatty acids | ||||
Oxidative phosphorylation with fatty acid substrates | ||||
TCA cycle | ||||
Pyruvate dehydrogenase | ||||
Citrate synthase | ||||
Aconitase | ||||
Isocitrate dehydrogenase | ||||
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase | ||||
Succinyl CoA synthetase | ||||
Succinate dehydrogenase | ||||
Fumarase | ||||
Malate dehydrogenase | ||||
Oxidative phosphorylation | ||||
Complex I | ||||
Complex II | ||||
Complex III | ||||
Complex IV | ||||
Complex V | ||||
Electron transferring flavoprotein (ETF) | ||||
Oxidative phosphorylation | ||||
Mitochondrial density (mitochondrial density measurements by electron microscopy) | ||||
Bax | ||||
Bcl-2* | ||||
BNIP3* | ||||
PGC-1α | ||||
Citrate synthase activity | ||||
Complex IV activity |