Table 1 Accepted biomarkers for glycolysis, β-oxidation, TCA cycle function, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial density

Glycolysis

Monocarboxylate transporters (MCT)

Hexokinase (HK)

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Aldolase (ALD)

Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM)

Enolase (ENO)

Pyruvate kinase (PyK)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Glucose oxidation

β-oxidation

Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase (CACT)

Carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT)

Acyl CoA dehydrogenases

Enoyl CoA hydratase (ECAH)

Enoyl CoA isomerase (ECAI)

L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD)

Thiolase (THI)

PPARα

Uptake/utilisation of fatty acids

Oxidative phosphorylation with fatty acid substrates

TCA cycle

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Citrate synthase

Aconitase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinyl CoA synthetase

Succinate dehydrogenase

Fumarase

Malate dehydrogenase

Oxidative phosphorylation

Complex I

Complex II

Complex III

Complex IV

Complex V

Electron transferring flavoprotein (ETF)

Oxidative phosphorylation

Mitochondrial density (mitochondrial density measurements by electron microscopy)

Bax

Bcl-2*

BNIP3*

PGC-1α

Citrate synthase activity

Complex IV activity