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Table 3 The effects of environmental hypoxia on biomarkers of β-oxidation in skeletal muscle

From: Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in environmental hypoxia: climbing towards consensus

First author

Year

Organism

Muscle model

Hypoxia model

p(O 2 ) min (kPa)

Duration (d)

Marker

Change

Green [15]

1992

Human

vl

4,300 m

12.8

1

HOAD activity

=

Roberts [30]

1996

Human

vl

4,300 m

12.8

1

Fatty acid oxidation

=

Morash [31]

2013

Mouse

mix

13% O2

13.1

1

PPARα levels

↓

       

CPT-1 levels

↓

       

CPT-1 activity

↓

       

HOAD activity

=

       

Palmitate oxidation

↓

       

Palmitoyl carnitine OXPHOS

↓

Dutta [28]

2009

Rat

mix

349 mmHg

10.3

7

CPT-1 activity

=

       

Fatty acid oxidation

↓

       

HOAD activity

↓

Morash [31]

2013

Mouse

mix

13% O2

13.1

7

PPARα levels

↓

       

CPT-1 levels

↓

       

CPT-1 activity

↓

       

HOAD activity

=

       

Palmitate oxidation

↓

       

Palmitoyl carnitine OXPHOS

↓

Vigano [16]

2008

Human

vl

4,559 m

12.4

8

CACT levels

↓

       

ECAH levels

↓

       

ECAI levels

↓

Jacobs [35]

2013a

Human

vl

4,559 m

12.4

10

Octanoyl carnitine OXPHOS

=

Levett [18]

2012

Human

vl

5,300 m

11.3

19

HOAD activity

=

Daneshrad [24]

2000

Rat

sol

10% O2

10.1

21

HOAD activity

=

Green [15]

1992

Human

vl

4,300 m

12.8

21

HOAD activity

=

Roberts [30]

1996

Human

vl

4,300 m

12.8

21

Fatty acid oxidation

↓

Takahashi [34]

1993

Rat

pla

10% O2

10.1

28

HOAD activity

=

Takahashi [34]

1993

Rat

sol

10% O2

10.1

28

HOAD activity

=

Jacobs [36]

2013b

Human

vl

3,454 m

14.2

28

Octanoyl carnitine OXPHOS

=

Galbes [32]

2008

Rat

q

4,000 m

13.3

35

CPT-1 activity

↓

       

CPT-1 levels

↓

       

HOAD activity

↓

       

Palmitoyl carnitine OXPHOS

↓

Green [17]

1989

Human

vl

8,848 m

7.1

40

HOAD activity

=

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

sol

13% O2

13.1

64

HOAD activity

=

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

pla

13% O2

13.1

64

HOAD activity

↓

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

rq

13% O2

13.1

64

HOAD activity

=

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

wq

13% O2

13.1

64

HOAD activity

=

Levett [18]

2012

Human

vl

8,848 m

7.1

66

HOAD activity

↓

Mizuno [33]

2008

Human

vl

5,250 m

11.4

75

HOAD activity

=

Ou [26]

2004

Rat

edl

5,500 m

11.0

90

Palmitate uptake

↓

       

Palmitate oxidation

↑

  1. ↑ Change in biomarker is indicative of an increase in glycolysis in hypoxia.
  2. = No change in biomarker in hypoxia.
  3. ↓ Change in biomarker is indicative of a decrease in glycolysis in hypoxia.
  4. Abbreviations: edl extensor digitorum longus, mix mixed skeletal, pla plantaris, rq red quadriceps, sol soleus, vl vastus lateralis, wq white quadriceps.