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Table 6 The effects of environmental hypoxia on biomarkers of mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle

From: Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in environmental hypoxia: climbing towards consensus

First author

Year

Organism

Muscle model

Hypoxia model

p(O 2 ) min (kPa)

Duration (d)

Marker

Change

Morash [31]

2013

Mouse

mix

13% O2

13.1

1

Citrate synthase activity

=

       

Complex IV OXPHOS

=

Magalhaes [38]

2005

Mouse

mix

8,500 m

7.4

2

Complex II OXPHOS

↓

Magalhaes [46]

2007

Mouse

mix

8,500 m

7.4

2

Bax expression

↑

       

Bcl-2 expression

↓

Pastoris [29]

1995

Rat

sol

5,860 m

10.1

3

Complex IV activity

=

       

Citrate synthase activity

=

Pastoris [29]

1995

Rat

gnm

5,860 m

10.1

3

Complex IV activity

↓

       

Citrate synthase activity

↓

Chaillou [14]

2013

Rat

pla

5,500 m

11.0

3

BNIP3 expression

=

       

PGC-1α expression

=

Morash [31]

2013

Mouse

mix

13% O2

13.1

7

Citrate synthase activity

=

       

Complex IV OXPHOS

=

Dutta [28]

2009

Rat

mix

349 mmHg

10.3

7

Citrate synthase activity

↓

Chaillou [14]

2013

Rat

pla

5,500 m

11.0

9

Complex IV activity

↓

       

Citrate synthase activity

↓

       

PGC-1α expression

↑

       

BNIP3 expression

=

Jacobs [35]

2013a

Human

vl

4,559 m

12.4

10

Complex I OXPHOS capacity

=

       

Complex II OXPHOS capacity

=

       

Complex I+II OXPHOS capacity

=

Levett [18]

2012

Human

vl

5,300 m

11.3

19

Mitochondrial density

=

       

PGC-1α levels

=

Green [19]

2000

Human

vl

6,194 m

10.1

21

Citrate synthase activity

=

Daneshrad [24]

2000

Rat

sol

10% O2

10.1

21

Citrate synthase activity

=

Daneshrad [42]

2001

Rat

sol

10% O2

10.1

21

OXPHOS

↑

Beaudry [39]

2010

Mouse

gnm

480 mmHg

13.4

28

Complex IV activity

=

       

Citrate synthase activity

=

Gamboa [41]

2010

Mouse

gnm

10% O2

10.1

28

Mitochondrial density

=

       

BNIP3 expression

=

       

Complex IV levels

↓

       

PGC-1α levels

=

Gamboa [43]

2012

Mouse

mix

10% O2

10.1

28

Complex I OXPHOS

↓

Jacobs [36]

2013b

Human

vl

3,454 m

14.2

28

Complex I OXPHOS

↓

       

Complex II OXPHOS

↓

       

Complex I+II OXPHOS

↓

       

Complex IV activity

=

       

Citrate synthase activity

=

Galbes [32]

2008

Rat

q

4,000 m

13.3

35

Citrate synthase activity

=

Green [17]

1989

Human

vl

8,848 m

7.1

40

Citrate synthase activity

↓

MacDougall [44]

1991

Human

vl

8,848 m

7.1

40

Mitochondrial density

=

van Ekeren [47]

1992

Rat

edl

8% O2

8.1

45

Mitochondrial density

↑

van Ekeren [47]

1992

Rat

sol

8% O2

8.1

45

Mitochondrial density

↓

Hoppeler [45]

1990

Human

vl

5,000 m

11.7

56

Mitochondrial density

↓

McClelland [25]

2002

Rat

sol

4,300 m

12.8

56

Complex IV activity

↓

McClelland [25]

2002

Rat

gnm

4,300 m

12.8

56

Complex IV activity

=

McClelland [25]

2002

Rat

pla

4,300 m

12.8

56

Complex IV activity

↓

Chaillou [14]

2013

Rat

pla

5,500 m

11.0

63

Complex IV activity

↓

       

Citrate synthase activity

↓

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

sol

13% O2

13.1

64

Citrate synthase activity

=

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

pla

13% O2

13.1

64

Citrate synthase activity

↓

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

rq

13% O2

13.1

64

Citrate synthase activity

=

Abdelmalki [23]

1996

Rat

wq

13% O2

13.1

64

Citrate synthase activity

=

Levett [18]

2012

Human

vl

8,848 m

7.1

66

Mitochondrial density

↓

       

PGC-1α levels

↓

       

PGC-1α expression

=

Mizuno [33]

2008

Human

vl

5,250 m

11.4

75

Citrate synthase activity

=

  1. ↑ Change in biomarker is indicative of an increase in mitochondrial density in hypoxia.
  2. = No change in biomarker in hypoxia.
  3. ↓ Change in biomarker is indicative of a decrease in mitochondrial density in hypoxia.
  4. Abbreviations: gnm gastrocnemius, mix mixed skeletal, pla plantaris, q quadriceps, rq red quadriceps, sol soleus, vl vastus lateralis, wq white quadriceps.