Table 1 Participant characteristics

Sample size

168

166

Demographics

 Male,%

48%

43%

0.37

 Age in years, mean (SD)

54 (11)

54 (10)

0.86

Clinical data, mean (SD)

 Height, cm

154.8 (8.4)

157.5 (9.3)

<0.01

 Weight, kg

67.3 (9.9)

66.4 (10.9)

0.47

 Body Mass Index, kg/m²

28.0 (3.3)

26.7 (3.4)

<0.001

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

116 (11)

107 (12)

<0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

69 (8)

69 (8)

0.78

 Pulse oximetry,%

98.4 (1.2)

89.5 (3.0)

<0.001

 Resting heart rate, beats/min

66.9 (9.0)

71.6 (9.3)

<0.001

 Heart rate at the end of 6WMT, beats/min

72.2 (10.6)

72.0 (10.6)

0.85

 Change in heart rate, beats/min

5.3 (6.8)

0.4 (6.2)

<0.001

 Pre-bronchodilator FEV₁, L

2.8 (0.7)

2.9 (0.8)

0.19

 Height-adjusted FEV₁, L/m²

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.3)

0.79

 Pre-bronchodilator FVC, L

3.6 (0.9)

3.7 (1.0)

0.12

 Height-adjusted FVC, L/m²

1.5 (0.3)

1.5 (0.3)

0.51

 Pre-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC%

77.5 (4.9)

76.7 (5.3)

0.14

 Difficulty breathing after 6MWT (Borg Scale)

0.3 (0.6)

0.6 (0.9)

<0.001

 Fatigue after 6MWT (Borg Scale)

0.5 (0.9)

0.8 (1.0)

<0.001

Laboratory data, mean (SD)

 hsCRP, mg/dL

3.1 (4.0)

2.1 (3.4)

0.02

 Insulin in uUnits/mL

10.4 (9.7)

7.5 (4.8)

<0.001

 Glucose, mg/dL

91.6 (10.3)

91.1 (19.9)

0.78

 Cholesterol, mg/dL

199.8 (38.8)

199.5 (42.1)

0.95

 High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

41.0 (11.5)

42.3 (12.0)

0.33

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

126.3 (35.2)

125.2 (39.6)

0.78

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

162.1 (102.0)

160.1 (107.6)

0.86

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.5 (1.2)

16.9 (1.5)

<0.001

 Hemoglobin A1c, mmol/mol

5.6 (0.4)

5.8 (0.4)

<0.001

Socioeconomic status data

 Completed high school,%

64%

83%

<0.001

 Percent employed,%

68%

76%

0.13

 People per household, mean (SD)

5.5 (2.3)

4.0 (1.9)

<0.001