Cooling rate | n | Age (years) | Ta (°C) | Mins to treatment | Tw (°C) | Duration (mins) | BMI (kg m2) | BSA (m−2) | Tc site | Pre Tc | Δ Tc (°C min−1) | Immersion depth | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unacceptable | 9M | 24 | 20.0 | 0 | 20 | 25 | 24.5 | 2.0 | GI | 38.6 | ~0.01 | Mid-sternum | [35] |
9M | 29 | 18.0 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 21.7 | 1.8 | GI | 38.3 | ~0.03 | Lower body | [36] | |
13M | 39 | 29.5 | 0 | 25 | 30 | 27.6 | 2.1 | GI | 38.5 | ~0.04b | Mid-sternum | [2] | |
5M | 25 | NR | NR | 10–12 | 30 | 26.2 | 2.0 | R | 38.8 | 0.04 | Torso | [37] | |
9M/7F | 24 | 22.2 | NR | 14 | 30 | 22.3 | 2.0 | R | 38.7 | ~0.04b | Neck out | [30] | |
9M | 21 | NR | 10 | 10 | 20 | 23.5 | 2.0 | GI | 38.4 | ~0.04 | Mid-sternum | [38] | |
10M | 27 | 24.0 | 25 | 14.3 | 20 | 23.8 | 2.0 | R | 38.2 | ~0.04 | Mid-sternum | [39] | |
12M | 29 | 24.0 | 25 | 14.3 | 20 | NR | NR | R | 38.6 | ~0.04 | Mid-sternum | [40] | |
9M | 29 | 18.0 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 21.7 | 1.8 | GI | 38.4 | ~0.05 | Lower body | [36] | |
12M | 29 | 24.0 | 25 | 14.3 | 10 | NR | NR | R | 38.6 | ~0.05 | Mid-sternum | [40] | |
12M | 29 | 24.0 | 25 | 14.3 | 5 | NR | NR | R | 38.6 | ~0.06 | Mid-sternum | [40] | |
10M | 29 | 22.0 | 5 | 26 | ~42 | 26.8 | 2.1 | R | 40.0 | 0.06a | Mid-sternum | [41] | |
Acceptable | 9M | 19 | NR | NR | 25 | 30 | 19.6 | 1.6 | R | 38.5 | ~0.07 | Neck out | [42] |
10M | 29 | 23.0 | 5 | 14 | 15 | NR | NR | R | 38.8 | ~0.07 | Mid-sternum | [43] | |
12M | 32 | NR | NR | 14 | 15 | 22.1 | 1.9 | R | 38.5 | ~0.08 | Neck out | [44] | |
10M | 35 | NR | 5 | 14 | 15 | 24.0 | 2.0 | R | 38.6 | 0.08 | Mid-sternum | [45] | |
26M | 39 | 19.7 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 25.8 | 2.0 | GI | 38.9 | 0.09b | Lower body | [5] | |
10M | 34 | 32.8 | 5 | 15 | 15 | 24.2 | 2.0 | R | 38.5 | ~0.09 | Neck out | [46] | |
10M | 29 | 22.0 | 5 | 26 | ~25 | 24.9 | 2.0 | R | 40.0 | 0.10a | Mid-sternum | [41] | |
8M | 23 | 20-22 | 5 | 26 | 26 | 21.2 | 2.0 | R | 40.1 | 0.10a | Neck out | [47] | |
Ideal | 4M | 23 | 25.0 | 5 | 23.5 | 6 | 26.1 | 1.9 | R | 39.2 | ~0.11a | Mid-sternum | [48] |
6M/4F | 22 | 25.0 | 1.5 | 2 | 16 | 22.9 | 1.8 | R | 39.6 | 0.14 | Neck out | [49] | |
3M/4F | 22 | 25.7 | 2.7 | 14 | 17 | 23.6 | 1.8 | R | 39.8 | 0.15a | Neck out | [50] | |
14M/3F | 28 | 28.9 | 2-4 | 5.2 | 12 | 21.1 | 1.9 | R | 39.5 | 0.16b | Torso | [31] | |
14M/3F | 28 | 28.9 | 2-4 | 14 | 12 | 21.1 | 1.9 | R | 39.6 | 0.16b | Torso | [31] | |
12M/3F | 28 | 29.5 | 2-4 | 14 | 12 | 21.1 | 1.9 | R | 39.5 | 0.16b | Torso/upper legs | [32] | |
10M | 29 | 22.0 | 5 | 2 | ~16 | 26.8 | 2.1 | R | 40.0 | 0.16a | Mid-sternum | [41] | |
8M | 30 | 40.0 | 40 | 2 | ~12.5 | 24.6 | 2.0 | R | 39.6 | 0.17a | Mid-sternum | [51] | |
8M | 30 | 40.0 | 20 | 2 | ~14 | 24.6 | 2.0 | R | 39.9 | 0.17a | Mid-sternum | [51] | |
4M | 22 | 25.0 | 5 | 11.7 | 6 | 23.9 | 1.9 | R | 39.8 | ~0.18a | Mid-sternum | [48] | |
8M | 23 | 20-22 | 5 | 14 | 13.9 | 21.2 | 2.0 | R | 40.1 | 0.18a | Neck out | [47] | |
3M/4F | 22 | 25.7 | 2.7 | 8 | 15 | 23.6 | 1.8 | R | 39.8 | 0.19a | Neck out | [50] | |
3M/4F | 22 | 25.7 | 2.7 | 20 | 18 | 23.6 | 1.8 | R | 39.8 | 0.19a | Neck out | [50] | |
12M/3F | 28 | 29.5 | 2-4 | 5.2 | 12 | 21.1 | 1.9 | R | 39.5 | 0.20b | Torso/upper legs | [32] | |
13M/1F | 35 | 24.4 | 4-8 | 1–3 | 16 | NR | NR | R | 41.7 | 0.20b | Torso/upper legs | [33] | |
9M | 26 | NR | NR | 8 | 13.1 | 26.7 | 2.1 | R | 39.9 | 0.20 | Mid-sternum | [34] | |
8M | 30 | 40.0 | 5 | 2 | ~12.5 | 24.6 | 2.0 | R | 40.1 | 0.21a | Mid-sternum | [51] | |
131M/81F | 32 | 23.3 | NR | ~10 | NR | NR | NR | R | 41.4 | 0.22b | Torso/upper legs | [52] | |
8M | 27 | NR | NR | 8 | 12.8 | 22.9 | 1.9 | R | 40.1 | 0.23 | Mid-sternum | [34] | |
7M/2F | 26 | ~29.0 | 6.3 | 2 | ~6 | 24.6 | 1.9 | R | 39.6 | 0.26a | Mid-sternum | [53] | |
10M | 29 | 22.0 | 5 | 2 | ~9 | 24.9 | 2.0 | R | 40.0 | 0.27a | Mid-sternum | [41] | |
18M | 22 | 39.9 | NR | ~10 | 6.2 | 25.7 | 2.0 | R | 39.5 | 0.28a | Neck out | [54] | |
3M/4F | 22 | 25.7 | 2.7 | 2 | 9 | 23.6 | 1.8 | R | 39.8 | 0.35a | Neck out | [50] |