Physiological changes
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Physiological alterations induced by the space environment: space motion sickness, muscular and bone loss, orthostatic hypotension upon return to gravity, loss of aerobic capacity, immunodeficiency
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Partially (cardiovascular deconditioning only)
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Poor expected hemodynamic tolerance to hypovolemia, general anaesthesia, mechanical ventilation
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Yes
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Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics changes
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Partially (drugs distribution affected by lower cardiac output)
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Reduced wound healing
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No
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Technical constraints
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Isolation and impossible urgent evacuation
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Yes
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Communication delay
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Yes
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Immobilisation of patient, operator and equipment (in weightlessness)
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Not applicable
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Limited medical equipment and consumables (mass, volume, power requirement)
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Yes
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Limited choice and volume of IV fluids
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Yes
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Specific IV fluid infusion system (in weightlessness)
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Not applicable
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Altered drugs shelf-life
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No
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Risk of closed environment contamination with gas, liquids or biological substances
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No
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Lack of blood substitutes
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Yes
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Management of healthcare waste
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Yes
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Human factors
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Limited medical skills (especially if crew doctor injured or ill)
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Yes
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Fading of skills during the flight
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No
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Psychological stress
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Partially
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