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Thermal response of triathletes to 14°C swim with and without wetsuits
Extreme Physiology & Medicine volume 4, Article number: A49 (2015)
Introduction
Wetsuit use is permitted in Olympic-distance triathlons below a water temperature of 22°C, or 20°C for elite athletes, and mandatory in water below 14°C [1]. They improve insulation against heat loss during swimming, increase buoyancy and reduce the afterdrop (continuing fall in deep body temperature after leaving the water) during subsequent cycling [2]. The aim of this study was to compare performance and body temperature of high-level triathletes swimming in water at 14°C with and without wetsuits, before cycling at race pace for an Olympic-distance event, as the Olympic event is the focus of the International Triathlon Union and International Olympic Committee.
Methods
12 highly-trained lean (mean sum of 7 skinfolds = 50.15 +/- 22.9 mm) triathletes (10 male, 2 female) aged 15 to 61 years carried out a (self-paced) front crawl race-pace 20 minute swim (the approximate time for elite triathletes to complete the swim in an Olympic-distance event) in a flume at 14°C, followed by a transition and race-pace cycle on a stationary bicycle until deep body temperature (Tre) had returned to its starting point. Tre was monitored with a rectal thermistor, inserted to 15 cm past the anus. 10 athletes completed the swim without wetsuits (skins swim, 'SS') and 9 athletes completed the swim wearing their own triathlon-specific wetsuits (wetsuit swim, 'WS'). 7 males completed both swims. Air temperature was maintained at 12°C, with fans providing wind speed during the cycle of at least 15 km.h-1. The rate of fall of Tre was calculated from the point at which the fall became linear, and data for those who completed both swims was analysed by paired samples T-tests (n = 7).
Results
Four athletes out of ten were unable to complete the SS condition. All athletes completed the WS condition. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between SS and WS in linear rate of change of Tre in the swim (SS = -0.076°C.min-1 or -4.56°C.hr-1; WS=-0.023°C.min-1 or -1.38°C.hr-1), total change in Tre in the swim (SS=-1.12°C; WS=-0.21°C), afterdrop on the bike (SS = 0.31°C; WS = 0.02°C) and time taken on the bike for Tre to return to starting point (SS = 54.57 mins; WS = 10.56 mins). During SS, cooling typically continued at the same linear rate during transition and the early part of the cycle (10.6 mins), while in WS, athletes started to rewarm almost immediately on starting the cycle (1.4 mins) with little or no afterdrop.
Discussion
In SS, the rate of cooling during the swim was rapid although swimmers were able to maintain speed. During cycling, a convective afterdrop pattern was observed. Wearing a wetsuit reduced the fall in Tre, and also kept skin temperatures higher, allowing athletes to rewarm on the bike with little or no afterdrop.
Conclusion
Purposely designed triathlon wetsuits help protect Tre for lean, high-level athletes racing in 14°C water, as well as reducing or removing subsequent afterdrop while cycling. Whether this has an impact on performance on the bike remains to be seen.
References
- 1.
ITU rulebook 2014. from http://www.triathlon.org/uploads/docs/itusport_competition-rules_15122013-highlighted1.pdf
- 2.
Trappe TA, Starling RD, Jozsi AC, Goodpaster BH, Trappe SW, Nomura T, et al: Thermal responses to swimming in three water temperatures: influence of a wet suit. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1995, 27 (7): 1014-1021. 10.1249/00005768-199507000-00010.
Acknowledgements
Funding bodies: The International Olympic Committee, The International Triathlon Union, Federation Internationale de Natation.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Hall, J., Lomax, M., Massey, H.C. et al. Thermal response of triathletes to 14°C swim with and without wetsuits. Extrem Physiol Med 4, A49 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-4-S1-A49
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Keywords
- Skin Temperature
- Thermal Response
- Stationary Bicycle
- Elite Athlete
- Linear Rate
